Common Names: Pyrithioxine, Encephabol (Brand Name)
Scientific Names: 5,5'-[dithiobis(methylene)]bis[4-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylpyridin-3-ol]
Pyritinol, also known as pyridoxine disulfide or pyrithioxine, is a derivative of vitamin B6 developed in 1961 by Merck Laboratories. It is a semi-synthetic compound created by connecting two pyridoxine molecules with a disulfide bridge. Used primarily in Europe for treating cognitive disorders, dementia syndromes, and craniocerebral trauma, it is also recognized as a disease-modifying drug for rheumatoid arthritis in France. In the United States and other countries, Pyritinol is available over the counter as a nootropic dietary supplement, popular since the 1990s.
In clinical use, Pyritinol is known for its ability to cross the blood-brain barrier and affect neurotransmitters, as demonstrated in animal studies. It shows potential in improving cholinergic activity in the brain but has mixed results in human cognitive tests, with some improvement in response times but not in memory. Despite these benefits, Pyritinol is associated with side effects like nausea, headache, and more severe reactions like acute pancreatitis and possible liver damage. Recommended dosages vary, but careful consideration is advised, especially during pregnancy and lactation. Its status as a dietary supplement in some regions allows it to be used alongside standard treatments for various CNS disorders.